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While we operate primarily online, our doors are always open if you want to stop by for a chat. Where alternative options are available, it is usual for one of them to be the default, used if nothing is specified for that option.

For instance, the SELECT statement will return all of the rows that match the search criteria unless the DISTINCT option restricts the output to non-duplicated rows.

All words that are included in the SQL lexicon are keywords. Some keywords are reserved , meaning their usage as identifiers for database objects, parameter names or variables is prohibited in some or all contexts.

Non-reserved keywords can be used as identifiers, although it is not recommended. From time to time, non-reserved keywords may become reserved when some new language feature is introduced.

For instance, the following statement will be executed without errors because, although ABS is a keyword, it is not a reserved word. On the contrary, the following statement will return an error because ADD is both a keyword and a reserved word. Refer to the list of reserved words and keywords in the chapter Reserved Words and Keywords.

All database objects have names, often called identifiers. Two types of names are valid as identifiers: regular names, similar to variable names in regular programming languages, and delimited names that are specific to SQL. To be valid, each type of identifier must conform to a set of rules, as follows:. The name must start with an unaccented, 7-bit ASCII alphabetic character. It may be followed by other 7-bit ASCII letters, digits, underscores or dollar signs.

No other characters, including spaces, are valid. The name is case-insensitive, meaning it can be declared and used in either upper or lower case. It may contain characters from any Latin character set, including accented characters, spaces and special characters. Delimited identifiers are available in Dialect 3 only. For more details on dialects, see SQL Dialects. A delimited identifier such as "FULLNAME" is the same as the regular identifiers FULLNAME , fullname , FullName , and so on.

The reason is that Firebird stores all regular names in upper case, regardless of how they were defined or declared. Delimited identifiers are always stored according to the exact case of their definition or declaration.

Thus, "FullName" quoted is different from FullName unquoted, i. Literals are used to represent data in a direct format. Examples of standard types of literals are:. Details about handling the literals for each data type are discussed in the next chapter, Data Types and Subtypes. Some of these characters, alone or in combinations, may be used as operators arithmetical, string, logical , as SQL command separators, to quote identifiers and to mark the limits of string literals or comments.

Comments may be present in SQL scripts, SQL statements and PSQL modules. A comment can be any text specified by the code writer, usually used to document how particular parts of the code work. The parser ignores the text of comments. Text in block comments may be of any length and can occupy multiple lines. In-line comments start with a pair of hyphen characters, -- and continue up to the end of the current line.

define columns in a database table in the CREATE TABLE statement or change columns using ALTER TABLE. declare or change a domain using the CREATE DOMAIN or ALTER DOMAIN statements. declare local variables in stored procedures, PSQL blocks and triggers and specify parameters in stored procedures. provide arguments for the CAST function when explicitly converting data from one type to another.

The size of a BLOB segment is limited to 64K. The maximum size of a BLOB field is 4 GB. A data type of a dynamically variable size for storing large amounts of data, such as images, text, digital sounds.

The basic structural unit is a segment. The blob subtype defines its content. n characters. Size in bytes depends on the encoding, the number of bytes in a character. A fixed-length character data type. When its data is displayed, trailing spaces are added to the string up to the specified length. Trailing spaces are not stored in the database but are restored to match the defined length when the column is displayed on the client side.

Network traffic is reduced by not sending spaces over the LAN. If the number of characters is not specified, 1 is used by default. A number with a decimal point that has scale digits after the point. scale must be less than or equal to precision. Example: DECIMAL 10,3 contains a number in exactly the following format: ppppppp. Example: NUMERIC 10,3 contains a number in exactly the following format: ppppppp.

Time of day. It cannot be used to store an interval of time. VARCHAR n , CHAR VARYING , CHARACTER VARYING. Variable length string type. The total size of characters in bytes cannot be larger than 32KB-3 , taking into account their encoding.

The two trailing bytes store the declared length. There is no default size: the n argument is mandatory. Leading and trailing spaces are stored and they are not trimmed, except for those trailing characters that are past the declared length. Bear in mind that a time series consisting of dates in past centuries is processed without taking into account the actual historical facts, as though the Gregorian calendar were applicable throughout the entire series. The SMALLINT , INTEGER and BIGINT data types are used for integers of various precision in Dialect 3.

Firebird does not support an unsigned integer data type. The bit SMALLINT data type is for compact data storage of integer data for which only a narrow range of possible values is required. Numbers of the SMALLINT type are within the range from -2 16 to 2 16 - 1, that is, from , to 32, The INTEGER data type is a bit integer. The shorthand name of the data type is INT. Numbers of the INTEGER type are within the range from -2 32 to 2 32 - 1, that is, from -2,,, to 2,,, BIGINT is an SQLcompliant bit integer data type, available only in Dialect 3.

If a client uses Dialect 1, the generator value sent by the server is reduced to a bit integer INTEGER. When Dialect 3 is used for connection, the generator value is of type BIGINT. Numbers of the BIGINT type are within the range from -2 63 to 2 63 - 1, or from -9,,,,,, to 9,,,,,, Starting from Firebird 2. Hex representation for writing to SMALLINT is not explicitly supported but Firebird will transparently convert a hex number to SMALLINT if necessary, provided it falls within the ranges of negative and positive SMALLINT.

The usage and numerical value ranges of hexadecimal notation are described in more detail in the discussion of number constants in the chapter entitled Common Language Elements.

The hexadecimal INTEGER s in the above example are automatically cast to BIGINT before being inserted into the table. However, this happens after the numerical value is determined, so 0x 8 digits and 0x 9 digits will be saved as different BIGINT values. Floating point data types are stored in an IEEE binary format that comprises sign, exponent and mantissa.

Precision is dynamic, corresponding to the physical storage format of the value, which is exactly 4 bytes for the FLOAT type and 8 bytes for DOUBLE PRECISION.

Considering the peculiarities of storing floating-point numbers in a database, these data types are not recommended for storing monetary data. For the same reasons, columns with floating-point data are not recommended for use as keys or to have uniqueness constraints applied to them.

For testing data in columns with floating-point data types, expressions should check using a range, for instance, BETWEEN , rather than searching for exact matches. When using these data types in expressions, extreme care is advised regarding the rounding of evaluation results. The FLOAT data type has an approximate precision of 7 digits after the decimal point. To ensure the safety of storage, rely on 6 digits. The DOUBLE PRECISION data type is stored with an approximate precision of 15 digits.

Fixed-point data types ensure the predictability of multiplication and division operations, making them the choice for storing monetary values. Firebird implements two fixed-point data types: NUMERIC and DECIMAL. According to the standard, both types limit the stored number to the declared scale the number of digits after the decimal point.

For instance, NUMERIC 4, 2 defines a number consisting altogether of four digits, including two digits after the decimal point; that is, it can have up to two digits before the point and no more than two digits after the point.

If the number 3. The form of declaration for fixed-point data, for instance, NUMERIC p, s , is common to both types. Understanding the mechanism for storing and retrieving fixed-point data should help to visualise why: for storage, the number is multiplied by 10 s 10 to the power of s , converting it to an integer; when read, the integer is converted back.

The method of storing fixed-point data in the DBMS depends on several factors: declared precision, database dialect, declaration type. Further to the explanation above, the DBMS will store NUMERIC data according the declared precision and scale. Some more examples are:. Always keep in mind that the storage format depends on the precision.

For instance, you define the column type as NUMERIC 2,2 presuming that its range of values will be However, the actual range of values for the column will be In storage, the NUMERIC 4,2 , NUMERIC 3,2 and NUMERIC 2,2 data types are the same, in fact. It means that if you really want to store data in a column with the NUMERIC 2,2 data type and limit the range to The storage format in the database for DECIMAL is very similar to NUMERIC , with some differences that are easier to observe with the help of some more examples:.

The DATE , TIME and TIMESTAMP data types are used to work with data containing dates and times. Dialect 3 supports all the three types, while Dialect 1 has only DATE. Dialect 1 DATE data can be defined alternatively as TIMESTAMP and this is recommended for new definitions in Dialect 1 databases. If fractions of seconds are stored in date and time data types, Firebird stores them to ten-thousandths of a second. If a lower granularity is preferred, the fraction can be specified explicitly as thousandths, hundredths or tenths of a second in Dialect 3 databases of ODS 11 or higher.

The time-part of a TIME or TIMESTAMP is a 4-byte WORD, with room for decimilliseconds precision and time values are stored as the number of deci-milliseconds elapsed since midnight. The actual precision of values stored in or read from time stamp functions and variables is:. Functions DATEADD and DATEDIFF support up to milliseconds precision.

Deci-milliseconds can be specified but they are rounded to the nearest integer before any operation is performed. For TIME and TIMESTAMP literals , Firebird happily accepts up to deci-milliseconds precision, but truncates not rounds the time part to the nearest lower or equal millisecond.

Try, for example, SELECT TIME ' Deci-milliseconds precision is rare and is not currently stored in columns or variables. The best assumption to make from all this is that, although Firebird stores TIME and the TIMESTAMP time-part values as the number of deci-milliseconds 10 -4 seconds elapsed since midnight, the actual precision could vary from seconds to milliseconds.

The DATE data type in Dialect 3 stores only date without time. The available range for storing data is from January 01, 1 to December 31, In Dialect 1, date literals without a time part, as well as 'TODAY' , 'YESTERDAY' and 'TOMORROW' automatically get a zero time part.

If, for some reason, it is important to you to store a Dialect 1 timestamp literal with an explicit zero time-part, the engine will accept a literal like ' However, '' would have precisely the same effect, with fewer keystrokes!

The TIME data type is available in Dialect 3 only. It stores the time of day within the range from If you need to get the time-part from DATE in Dialect 1, you can use the EXTRACT function. See also the EXTRACT function in the chapter entitled Built-in Functions. The TIMESTAMP data type is available in Dialect 3 and Dialect 1.

It is the same as the DATE type in Dialect 1. The EXTRACT function works equally well with TIMESTAMP as with the Dialect 1 DATE type. The method of storing date and time values makes it possible to involve them as operands in some arithmetic operations. An example is to subtract an earlier date, time or timestamp from a later one, resulting in an interval of time, in days and fractions of days. DATE increased by n whole days. Broken values are rounded not floored to the nearest integer.

TIME increased by n seconds. The fractional part is taken into account. DATE reduced by n whole days. TIME reduced by n seconds. DATEADD , DATEDIFF. For working with character data, Firebird has the fixed-length CHAR and the variable-length VARCHAR data types. The maximum size of text data stored in these data types is 32, bytes for CHAR and 32, bytes for VARCHAR. The maximum number of characters that will fit within these limits depends on the CHARACTER SET being used for the data under consideration.

The collation sequence does not affect this maximum, although it may affect the maximum size of any index that involves the column. If no character set is explicitly specified when defining a character object, the default character set specified when the database was created will be used. If the database does not have a default character set defined, the field gets the character set NONE. UTF8 comes with collations for many languages. Non-accented Latin letters occupy 1 byte, Cyrillic letters from the WIN encoding occupy 2 bytes in UTF8 , characters from other encodings may occupy up to 4 bytes.

The UTF8 character set implemented in Firebird supports the latest version of the Unicode standard, thus recommending its use for international databases. While working with strings, it is essential to keep the character set of the client connection in mind.

If there is a mismatch between the character sets of the stored data and that of the client connection, the output results for string columns are automatically re-encoded, both when data are sent from the client to the server and when they are sent back from the server to the client. The character set NONE is a special character set in Firebird.

It can be characterized such that each byte is a part of a string, but the string is stored in the system without any clues about what constitutes any character: character encoding, collation, case, etc. are simply unknown.

It is the responsibility of the client application to deal with the data and provide the means to interpret the string of bytes in some way that is meaningful to the application and the human user.

Data in OCTETS encoding are treated as bytes that may not actually be interpreted as characters. OCTETS provides a way to store binary data, which could be the results of some Firebird functions.

The database engine has no concept of what it is meant to do with a string of bits in OCTETS , other than just store it and retrieve it. Again, the client side is responsible for validating the data, presenting them in formats that are meaningful to the application and its users and handling any exceptions arising from decoding and encoding them. Each character set has a default collation sequence COLLATE that specifies the collation order.

Usually, it provides nothing more than ordering based on the numeric code of the characters and a basic mapping of upper- and lower-case characters. If some behaviour is needed for strings that is not provided by the default collation sequence and a suitable alternative collation is supported for that character set, a COLLATE collation clause can be specified in the column definition.

A COLLATE collation clause can be applied in other contexts besides the column definition. If output needs to be sorted in a special alphabetic sequence, or case-insensitively, and the appropriate collation exists, then a COLLATE clause can be included with the ORDER BY clause when rows are being sorted on a character field and with the GROUP BY clause in case of grouping operations.

For a case-insensitive search, the UPPER function could be used to convert both the search argument and the searched strings to upper-case before attempting a match:. For strings in a character set that has a case-insensitive collation available, you can simply apply the collation, to compare the search argument and the searched strings directly. The following table shows the possible collation sequences for the UTF8 character set. Collation works according to the position of the character in the table binary.

Added in Firebird 2. Collation works according to the UCA algorithm Unicode Collation Algorithm alphabetical. Case-insensitive collation, works without taking character case into account. Case-insensitive, accent-insensitive collation, works alphabetically without taking character case or accents into account.

In Firebird earlier than version 2. Multi-byte character sets and compound indexes limit the size even further. The maximum length of an indexed string is 9 bytes less than that quarter-page limit.

The table below shows the maximum length of an indexed string in characters , according to page size and character set, calculated using this formula. CREATE DATABASE , Collation sequence , SELECT , WHERE , GROUP BY , ORDER BY. CHAR is a fixed-length data type. If the entered number of characters is less than the declared length, trailing spaces will be added to the field. Generally, the pad character does not have to be a space: it depends on the character set.

For example, the pad character for the OCTETS character set is zero. The full name of this data type is CHARACTER , but there is no requirement to use full names and people rarely do so. A valid length is from 1 to the maximum number of characters that can be accommodated within 32, bytes. VARCHAR is the basic string type for storing texts of variable length, up to a maximum of 32, bytes.

The stored structure is equal to the actual size of the data plus 2 bytes where the length of the data is recorded. All characters that are sent from the client application to the database are considered meaningful, including the leading and trailing spaces.

However, trailing spaces are not stored: they will be restored upon retrieval, up to the recorded length of the string. The full name of this type is CHARACTER VARYING. Another variant of the name is written as CHAR VARYING. In all other respects it is the same as CHAR. A similar data type is available for the variable-length string type: NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING. BLOB s Binary Large Objects are complex structures used to store text and binary data of an undefined length, often very large.

Specifying the BLOB segment is throwback to times past, when applications for working with BLOB data were written in C Embedded SQL with the help of the gpre pre-compiler. Nowadays, it is effectively irrelevant. The segment size for BLOB data is determined by the client side and is usually larger than the data page size, in any case.

Firebird provides two pre-defined subtypes for storing user data:. The alias for subtype zero is BINARY. This is the subtype to specify when the data are any form of binary file or stream: images, audio, word-processor files, PDFs and so on. Subtype 1 has an alias, TEXT , which can be used in declarations and definitions. It is a specialized subtype used to store plain text data that is too large to fit into a string type.

A CHARACTER SET may be specified, if the field is to store text with a different encoding to that specified for the database. From Firebird 2. It is also possible to add custom data subtypes, for which the range of enumeration from -1 to , is reserved. Custom subtypes enumerated with positive numbers are not allowed, as the Firebird engine uses the numbers from 2-upward for some internal subtypes in metadata. The maximum size of a BLOB field is limited to 4GB, regardless of whether the server is bit or bit.

The internal structures related to BLOB s maintain their own 4-byte counters. The following operators are supported completely:. Aggregation clauses work not on the contents of the field itself, but on the BLOB ID.

Aside from that, there are some quirks:. concatenates the same strings if they are adjacent to each other, but does not do it if they are remote from each other. By default, a regular record is created for each BLOB and it is stored on a data page that is allocated for it. If the entire BLOB fits onto this page, it is called a level 0 BLOB. The number of this special record is stored in the table record and occupies 8 bytes.

If a BLOB does not fit onto one data page, its contents are put onto separate pages allocated exclusively to it blob pages , while the numbers of these pages are stored into the BLOB record. This is a level 1 BLOB. If the array of page numbers containing the BLOB data does not fit onto a data page, the array is put on separate blob pages, while the numbers of these pages are put into the BLOB record. This is a level 2 BLOB. FILTER , DECLARE FILTER. The support of arrays in the Firebird DBMS is a departure from the traditional relational model.

Supporting arrays in the DBMS could make it easier to solve some data-processing tasks involving large sets of similar data. Arrays in Firebird are stored in BLOB of a specialized type. Arrays can be one-dimensional and multidimensional and of any data type except BLOB and ARRAY.

This example will create a table with a field of the array type consisting of four integers. The subscripts of this array are from 1 to 4. To specify explicit upper and lower bounds of the subscript values, use the following syntax:.

A new dimension is added using a comma in the syntax. In this example we create a table with a two-dimensional array, with the lower bound of subscripts in both dimensions starting from zero:. The DBMS does not offer much in the way of language or tools for working with the contents of arrays.

The database employee. fdb , found in the.. If the features described are enough for your tasks, you might consider using arrays in your projects. Currently, no improvements are planned to enhance support for arrays in Firebird.

It is not available as a data type for declaring table fields, PSQL variables or parameter descriptions. It was added to support the use of untyped parameters in expressions involving the IS NULL predicate.

An evaluation problem occurs when optional filters are used to write queries of the following type:. This is a case where the developer writes an SQL query and considers :param1 as though it were a variable that he can refer to twice. The server cannot determine the type of the second parameter since it comes in association with IS NULL.

The following example demonstrates its use in practice. Each named parameter corresponds with two positional parameters in the query. The application passes the parameterized query to the server in the usual positional? in our example. Firebird has no knowledge of their special relation with the first and third parameters: that responsibility lies entirely on the application side.

Once the values for size and colour have been set or left unset by the user and the query is about to be executed, each pair of XSQLVAR s must be filled as follows:. In other words: The value compare parameter is always set as usual. When composing an expression or specifying an operation, the aim should be to use compatible data types for the operands. When a need arises to use a mixture of data types, it should prompt you to look for a way to convert incompatible operands before subjecting them to the operation.

The ability to convert data may well be an issue if you are working with Dialect 1 data. When you cast to a domain, any constraints declared for it are taken into account, i. If the value does not pass the check, the cast will fail. When operands are cast to the type of a column, the specified column may be from a table or a view. Only the type of the column itself is used. For character types, the cast includes the character set, but not the collation.

The constraints and default values of the source column are not applied. Keep in mind that partial information loss is possible. For instance, when you cast the TIMESTAMP data type to the DATE data type, the time-part is lost.

To cast string data types to the DATE , TIME or TIMESTAMP data types, you need the string argument to be one of the predefined date and time literals see Table 9 or a representation of the date in one of the allowed date-time literal formats:.

It may contain 1 or 2 digits or You can also specify the three-letter shorthand name or the full name of a month in English. A separator, any of permitted characters.

Leading and trailing spaces are ignored. These shorthand expressions are evaluated directly during parsing, as though the statement were already prepared for execution. Thus, even if the query is run several times, the value of, for instance, timestamp 'now' remains the same no matter how much time passes. If you need the time to be evaluated at each execution, use the full CAST syntax. An example of using such an expression in a trigger:. In Dialect 1, in many expressions, one type is implicitly cast to another without the need to use the CAST function.

For instance, the following statement in Dialect 1 is valid:. In Dialect 1, mixing integer data and numeric strings is usually possible because the parser will try to cast the string implicitly. For example,. In Dialect 3, an expression like this will raise an error, so you will need to write it as a CAST expression:. When multiple data elements are being concatenated, all non-string data will undergo implicit conversion to string, if possible.

Creating a domain does not truly create a new data type, of course. If several tables need columns defined with identical or nearly identical attributes, a domain makes sense. Domain usage is not limited to column definitions for tables and views. Domains can be used to declare input and output parameters and variables in PSQL code.

A domain definition contains required and optional attributes. The data type is a required attribute. Optional attributes include:. Explicit Data Type Conversion for the description of differences in the data conversion mechanism when domains are specified for the TYPE OF and TYPE OF COLUMN modifiers.

While defining a column using a domain, it is possible to override some of the attributes inherited from the domain. Table 3. To add new conditions to the check, you can use the corresponding CHECK clauses in the CREATE and ALTER statements at the table level. Often it is better to leave domain nullable in its definition and decide whether to make it NOT NULL when using the domain to define columns. CREATE DOMAIN in the Data Definition Language DDL section. To change the attributes of a domain, use the DDL statement ALTER DOMAIN.

With this statement you can:. If you change domains in haste, without carefully checking them, your code may stop working! When you convert data types in a domain, you must not perform any conversions that may result in data loss.

Also, for example, if you convert VARCHAR to INTEGER , check carefully that all data using this domain can be successfully converted. ALTER DOMAIN in the Data Definition Language DDL section.

The DDL statement DROP DOMAIN deletes a domain from the database, provided it is not in use by any other database objects. DROP DOMAIN in the Data Definition Language DDL section. SQL expressions provide formal methods for evaluating, transforming and comparing values. SQL expressions may include table columns, variables, constants, literals, various statements and predicates and also other expressions. The complete list of possible tokens in expressions follows.

Identifier of a column from a specified table used in evaluations or as a search condition. A column of the array type cannot be an element in an expression except when used with the IS [NOT] NULL predicate. An expression may contain a reference to an array member i. The reserved words NOT , AND and OR , used to combine simple search conditions in order to create complex assertions. Predicates used to check the existence of values in a set. The IN predicate can be used both with sets of comma-separated constants and with subqueries that return a single column.

The EXISTS , SINGULAR , ALL , ANY and SOME predicates can be used only with subqueries. An expression, similar to a string literal enclosed in apostrophes, that can be interpreted as a date, time or timestamp value.

Date literals can be predefined literals 'TODAY' , 'NOW' , etc. or strings of characters and numerals, such as ' Declared local variable, input or output parameter of a PSQL module stored procedure, trigger, unnamed PSQL block in DSQL.

A member of in an ordered group of one or more unnamed parameters passed to a stored procedure or prepared query. A SELECT statement enclosed in parentheses that returns a single scalar value or, when used in existential predicates, a set of values.

Operations inside the parentheses are performed before operations outside them. When nested parentheses are used, the most deeply nested expressions are evaluated first and then the evaluations move outward through the levels of nesting.

Clause applied to CHAR and VARCHAR types to specify the character-set-specific collation sequence to use in string comparisons. Expression for obtaining the next value of a specified generator sequence. A constant is a value that is supplied directly in an SQL statement, not derived from an expression, a parameter, a column reference nor a variable. It can be a string or a number. The maximum length of a string is 32, bytes; the maximum character count will be determined by the number of bytes used to encode each character.

Double quotes are NOT VALID for quoting strings. SQL reserves a different purpose for them. Care should be taken with the string length if the value is to be written to a VARCHAR column.

The maximum length for a VARCHAR is 32, bytes. The character set of a string constant is assumed to be the same as the character set of its destined storage. Each pair of hex digits defines one byte in the string. Strings entered this way will have character set OCTETS by default, but the introducer syntax can be used to force a string to be interpreted as another character set.

The client interface determines how binary strings are displayed to the user. The isql utility, for example, uses upper case letters A-F, while FlameRobin uses lower case letters. Other client programs may use other conventions, such as displaying spaces between the byte pairs: '4E 65 72 76 65 6E'. The hexadecimal notation allows any byte value including 00 to be inserted at any position in the string. However, if you want to coerce it to anything other than OCTETS, it is your responsibility to supply the bytes in a sequence that is valid for the target character set.

This is known as introducer syntax. Its purpose is to inform the engine about how to interpret and store the incoming string. In SQL, for numbers in the standard decimal notation, the decimal point is always represented by period. Inclusion of commas, blanks, etc.

will cause errors. Exponential notation is supported. For example, 0. Hexadecimal notation is supported by Firebird 2. Numbers with hex digits will be interpreted as type INTEGER ; numbers with hex digits as type BIGINT. Hex numbers in the range To coerce a number to BIGINT , prepend enough zeroes to bring the total number of hex digits to nine or above.

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A footnote in Microsoft's submission opens in new tab to the UK's Competition and Markets Authority CMA has let slip the reason behind Call of Duty's absence from the Xbox Game Pass library: Sony and Activision Blizzard have a deal that restricts the games' presence on the service. The footnote appears in a section detailing the potential benefits to consumers from Microsoft's point of view of the Activision Blizzard catalogue coming to Game Pass.

What existing contractual obligations are those? Why, ones like the "agreement between Activision Blizzard and Sony," that places "restrictions on the ability of Activision Blizzard to place COD titles on Game Pass for a number of years". It was apparently these kinds of agreements that Xbox's Phil Spencer had in mind opens in new tab when he spoke to Sony bosses in January and confirmed Microsoft's "intent to honor all existing agreements upon acquisition of Activision Blizzard".

Unfortunately, the footnote ends there, so there's not much in the way of detail about what these restrictions are or how long they'd remain in effect in a potential post-acquisition world.

Given COD's continued non-appearance on Game Pass, you've got to imagine the restrictions are fairly significant if they're not an outright block on COD coming to the service. Either way, the simple fact that Microsoft is apparently willing to maintain any restrictions on its own ability to put first-party games on Game Pass is rather remarkable, given that making Game Pass more appealing is one of the reasons for its acquisition spree.

The irony of Sony making deals like this one while fretting about COD's future on PlayStation probably isn't lost on Microsoft's lawyers, which is no doubt part of why they brought it up to the CMA.

While it's absolutely reasonable to worry about a world in which more and more properties are concentrated in the hands of singular, giant megacorps, it does look a bit odd if you're complaining about losing access to games while stopping them from joining competing services. We'll find out if the CMA agrees when it completes its in-depth, "Phase 2" investigation opens in new tab into the Activision Blizzard acquisition, which is some way off yet.

For now, we'll have to content ourselves with poring over these kinds of corporate submissions for more interesting tidbits like this one. So far, we've already learned that Microsoft privately has a gloomy forecast for the future of cloud gaming opens in new tab , and that the company thinks Sony shouldn't worry so much since, hey, future COD games might be as underwhelming as Vanguard opens in new tab.

Who knows what we'll learn next? Sign up to get the best content of the week, and great gaming deals, as picked by the editors. One of Josh's first memories is of playing Quake 2 on the family computer when he was much too young to be doing that, and he's been irreparably game-brained ever since.

His writing has been featured in Vice, Fanbyte, and the Financial Times. He'll play pretty much anything, and has written far too much on everything from visual novels to Assassin's Creed. His most profound loves are for CRPGs, immersive sims, and any game whose ambition outstrips its budget. He thinks you're all far too mean about Deus Ex: Invisible War. Open menu Close menu PC Gamer PC Gamer THE GLOBAL AUTHORITY ON PC GAMES. opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab opens in new tab.

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Creating a domain of the DATE type that will not accept NULL and uses the current date as the default value. We see more and more demand for those, and Dilip has come in to really coalesce a lot of teams' capabilities, who will be focusing on those areas. When asked how they would vote if the election for the US House of Representatives were held today, 56 percent of likely voters say they would vote for or lean toward the Democratic candidate, while 39 percent would vote for or lean toward the Republican candidate. Stripe powers nearly half a million businesses in rural America. in isql , before the CREATE DATABASE statement.

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